However, based on historical reasons, understanding the limitations of nature and imperfect laws and regulations, the rapid development of open-pit coal mining has brought about a series of mining environmental problems and ecological damage, which have seriously affected the ecological environment quality and economy of the region. Continue to develop. This is a big problem that we need to solve urgently and take it seriously. 1 Environmental problems caused by open pit mining The pits formed by open-pit coal mining cause a series of geological disasters such as landslides, collapses, soil erosion, mudslides, etc. due to geological structures, slope rock masses, surface water and groundwater effects, etc., causing ground deformation and endangering industrial enterprises in the surrounding areas. The safety of residential buildings. It has caused huge economic losses and destroyed the original ecological geological environment. 2 Causes of environmental problems caused by open pit mining The environmental problems of open-pit coal mining in China are complex, diverse, special and sensitive. The impact and destruction of the geological environment and ecological environment of mining cities are very large due to the influence of specific historical factors. With the increasing awareness of environmental protection in the country, the environmental conditions of new mining areas built since the 1980s have improved, and some mining areas have reached a good level. For example, the Pingyi Antaibao open-pit mine has better solved the environmental restoration and treatment in open-pit mining. problem. Therefore, summing up the lessons learned in this aspect is of great significance, and it is very necessary to do a good job in preventing and controlling the environmental problems of open-pit coal mining. During the planned economy period, the profits of coal mining enterprises were turned over to the state and few invested in environmental problems caused by mining. For example, the state-owned large-scale mining enterprises such as Fushun West Open-pit Mine and Fuxin Haizhou Open-pit Mine have basically paid the profits, profits and benefits of the coal to the country, and the serious environmental hazards caused by mining for decades have been left to the place. The range and intensity of environmental hazards in the initial and medium-term mining of open-pit coal mines are small and do not attract the attention of policy makers, managers and miners. Coupled with weak environmental awareness, the environmental risks are accumulating, causing environmental degradation and disasters after several decades. What cannot be avoided is that historically precipitating these environmental problems can only be gradually managed and restored by relying on increased investment or active organization at all levels of government. In the past, traditional geological, mining, and management disciplines have not or rarely combined mine environmental exploration, evaluation, prediction, management, legislation, law enforcement, open-pit coal exploration, open-pit coal mine construction, design, production, and closed pit organic integration. Each discipline has its own focus, such as open pit mining, the pursuit of the least stripping, the most coal mining, as long as it does not landslide, the steeper the slope, the better, rarely consider the ground deformation or disaster after the pit, rarely in the comprehensive long-term The economic, social and environmental benefits are the starting point for the pursuit of this discipline. The problem of mining environment in open pit mines is basically that human mining engineering activities have caused changes or deterioration of the environment. This requires policy makers, managers, and producers to have a strategic vision and a strategic mind, not only to focus on their own, recent economic benefits and prosperity, but also to engage in open air from the height of maintaining a sustainable socio-economic development and caring for human habitation. Coal mining, actively and actively use the mining project to improve and beautify the surrounding environment, become harmful and harmless, become unfavorable, and realize the coordinated development of resource development and environmental protection. The mining of Antaibao open-pit coal mine has made great achievements in preventing soil erosion, changing soil composition, realizing wasteland vegetation, greening, reclamation and biological treatment, making the ecological environment of the mining area better than before mining. This experience is worthy of research and promotion. 3 Countermeasures for environmental problems in open pit mines The environmental problems caused by open-pit coal mining and the prevention and control of disasters are a complex, comprehensive and huge system engineering. It is necessary to apply the principles and ideas of environmental geology, mining, systems engineering, engineering economics and other disciplines to study prevention and control measures. From focusing on analytical thinking to analytical, coordinated and comprehensive thinking; from single technology, sub-discipline development, conventional observation to composite technology, modern information means, multi-disciplinary integrated system development. Pursue optimal economic, social and environmental benefits. Realize the coordinated development of coal mining and environmental protection, and achieve sustainable social and economic development. Several views have been put forward on the governance of environmental problems caused by open-pit coal mining. (1) Distinguish between historical accounts and new accounts of environmental problems, so as to clarify the main body and responsible persons of environmental restoration and governance. It is obviously unrealistic for the current mining enterprises to undertake the governance of environmental issues left over from history. Therefore, to distinguish the historical old accounts and new accounts as soon as possible, a clear environmental recovery and management responsibility, content, sources of funding and an important prerequisite for the implementation of the subject. The division of historical old accounts and new accounts is recommended to be bounded by the year when the enterprise is transferred from the planned economy to the market economy, that is, the enterprise profits are basically transferred to the state where the enterprise is responsible for its own profits and losses. For historical old accounts, it should be mainly borne by the government, mainly relying on state, provincial and municipal government investment, and organizational governance. The new account must be mainly undertaken by the company, strictly enforce the principle of who destroys who is governed and who is responsible. For old mines such as Fushun West Open-pit Mine and Haizhou Open-pit Mine, environmental problems caused by historical reasons are mainly restored by the state and the government; and new environmental problems caused by open-pit mining after entering the market economy must be borne by enterprises. Entering the production cost of the enterprise, responsible for the recovery of the project; and for the new mine, it is necessary to clear the responsible person from the legal system and management from the beginning of investigation, project establishment, construction, design and production, and is responsible for closing the mine. Ensure that the environment is restored and improved. (2) The development and revision of relevant standards and norms, including open-pit coal mining, make the environmental management and management of mining operations operable and standardized, making mine environmental management and governance operational, targeted and scientific. Sex. To realize the management and supervision of open-pit coal mining from the whole process of exploration, construction, production and closed pits, there are laws to follow. Realize the change of the open coal mining environment, a destructive one, a virtuous cycle of recovery and reconstruction. Promote sustainable development. This avoids, reduces the hazards of environmental problems and the occurrence of geological disasters from the source. (3) The plan for the construction and exploitation of open pit mines should fully consider the environmental problems and disasters that may result from the mining to the final state. Planning and design should fully consider not designing civil and industrial buildings in possible environmentally catastrophic areas. This one is necessary for the new open pit mine. (4) Establish an environmental geological monitoring website and a geological hazard warning system in open pit mines with serious geological environmental problems. It is mainly aimed at the open-pit coal mines that have been built and are being produced, and the environmental catastrophe problems have existed and affected, and the ground buildings and people's lives and property are safely built. For example, the Fushun Power Plant and the ground Xingping Road have built a ground deformation monitoring network to monitor and predict the deformation trend in real time, providing a basis for timely disaster prevention measures and avoiding losses. (5) In the case of old open-pit coal mines that have been mined for decades and the resulting environmental geological disasters have become a reality, the prevention and control measures are recommended to follow two principles: First, the principle of avoidance, and no layout of construction and residential buildings in disaster areas. The existing ones try to consider relocation; the second is the principle of targeted governance, the important settings and buildings that are not suitable for relocation, adopting the principle of targeted governance, and adopting targeted management, such as reinforcement, shielding, for important settings and buildings that are not suitable for relocation. Mining backfill, slope presser foot, etc. It is advisable to carry out technical and economic comparisons of several schemes, taking into account technical feasibility, economic rationality and safety risks. (6) For new open pit mines, policy makers, managers, and miners should be strategically positioned to protect the ecological environment and actively improve and rebuild the surrounding environment through mining engineering activities. For example, the Pingyi Antaibao Open-pit Coal Mine has made gratifying achievements. By opening open pit mines, repairing reservoirs, changing river courses, changing topography and stratigraphic horizons, adjusting soil structure, preventing soil erosion, reclamation and planting, etc., it not only avoids environmental degradation, but also builds an ecological environment through open pit mining. New mining area. Spin Bike,Magnetic Spin Bike,Proform Spin Bike,Indoor Cycle Exercise Bikes ZHEJIANG POWERTECH CO,.LTD , https://www.chinatattoo-supplies.com
Study on Environmental Problems and Prevention Countermeasures of Open-pit Coal Mines in China
The world's coal mining countries will give priority to the development of opencast coal mining as the main way to increase coal production, as long as the conditions and try to achieve centralized mining, in order to improve labor productivity and reduce costs. This is also the case in China, whether it is the Fushun West Open-pit Mine and the Haizhou Open-pit Mine, which were expanded and constructed in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China. The open-pit mines such as Pingzhuang, Yima and Hami built in the 1960s, and Yimin and Huolin in large-scale construction in the 1980s. Several large open pit mines such as He, Zhungeer and Antaibao have made tremendous contributions to the growth of China's coal production and the construction of the national economy, and have also achieved great economic benefits.